什麼是In-cell和On-cell技術？

在全球顯示產業的迭代過程中，TFT顯示器（薄膜電晶體顯示器） has always been the mainstream and core display carrier in fields such as consumer electronics, vehicle-mounted displays, and industrial terminals. The traditional TFT display module adopts a stacked structure with the touch layer and display layer separated, which has many drawbacks such as excessive thickness, insufficient light transmittance, touch offset, and redundant structure, making it difficult to meet the current demands for lightweight, high-definition, and high-touch experience in product development. To address the technical bottlenecks of the traditional module, the industry has gradually evolved into two integrated touch display solutions: In-cell technology and On-cell technology.

TFT显示器是一种由薄膜晶体管驱动的有源矩阵显示屏。其核心结构包括TFT基板、液晶层、彩膜、偏光片、防护玻璃等核心单元。以其響應速度快、對比度高、畫質穩定等特點，成為液晶顯示器的核心技術基礎，也是In-cell和On-cell技術的相容載體。

The traditional TFT LCD touch module adopts a separated structure such as G+G and G+F. The display panel and the touch sensor are independent components, assembled through optical adhesive. The overall number of layers is large and the stacking thickness is high. This not only affects the thinness of the device, but also easily causes problems such as parallax, light reflection, and touch delay. The core breakthrough of In-cell technology and On-cell technology lies in integrating the touch sensing electrodes directly into the internal structure of the TFT display, eliminating the independent touch panel and achieving the integration of display and touch.

什麼是On-cell技術？

On-cell technology belongs to the medium-integration touch solution. The technical principle involves fabricating touch sensing electrodes on the upper layer of the TFT display color filter and on the lower layer of the polarizer. The touch layer is attached to the surface structure of the display panel, without penetrating into the core liquid crystal area. This structure retains the complete liquid crystal display unit and TFT drive architecture of the TFT display, with only the touch sensing structure superimposed on the outside of the display layer. It has moderate integration difficulty and strong structural stability, serving as a transitional optimization solution between traditional separate touch and high-end in-cell touch.

什麼是In-cell技術？

In-cell technology is a highly integrated touch display technology and currently the most integrated touch solution in the LCD industry. This technology directly embeds touch sensing electrodes and touch scanning lines inside the liquid crystal cell of the TFT display, deeply integrating with the TFT pixel drive circuit and liquid crystal layer. The touch sensing unit and display pixel unit share some underlying structures, significantly reducing the number of screen stacking layers. Compared to On-cell technology, In-cell has a deeper integration dimension, a more streamlined structure, and a comprehensive upgrade in optical performance and touch accuracy. However, it requires higher standards for TFT面板製造製程和良率控制。

On-cell技術的優勢

結構精簡，實現螢幕輕量化升級。

The traditional separate TFT touch sensor module consists of multiple layers such as protective glass, touch sensor, optical adhesive, and display panel. The overall thickness is generally over 1.8mm, occupying a large amount of space inside the device. The On-cell technology eliminates the independent touch glass substrate, directly fabricating the touch electrodes on the surface layer of the TFT display color filter, significantly reducing the number of screen stack layers and the lamination process. The optimized On-cell TFT display module can be controlled to a thickness of less than 1.5mm, and the overall weight of the device is simultaneously reduced by 10% to 15%.

製程成熟穩定，生產成本可控。

In the LCD production system, the On-cell technology has extremely strong process compatibility. There is no need for large-scale renovations to the traditional TFT display production line. Only the addition of touch electrode coating and etching processes after the color filter production can complete the integration. Compared with the complex In-cell technology, the production yield of On-cell is higher, the process fault tolerance is stronger, and the production stability has been verified through years of market testing.

此結構抗破壞能力強，整體可靠性較高。

The on-cell touch layer is located on the surface structure of the TFT display and is independent of the internal liquid crystal layer and the TFT driving circuit. This forms a natural protective structure. When the screen is subjected to external force compression, slight bumps, or bending stress, the touch sensing layer will not directly impact the core display unit, effectively protecting the liquid crystal layer and the TFT pixel circuit from damage. At the same time, this technology avoids the air gap problem of the traditional bonding process, reduces phenomena such as delamination and blistering, and the screen's pressure resistance and bending resistance performance are significantly superior to the early integrated solutions, suitable for complex usage scenarios such as vehicles and industries.

觸控表現均衡，適合各種使用情境。

The touch electrodes of On-cell technology are close to the surface of the screen. The touch sensing distance is short and the signal transmission loss is low. Compared with traditional separated screens, the touch response speed is faster and the positioning accuracy is higher, effectively reducing problems such as touch offset and failure.

In-cell技術的優勢

超薄設計，重新定義螢幕結構上限。

In-cell技術將觸控感應單元完全整合到TFT顯示液晶盒中，將TFT像素驅動電路和液晶層整合在一起。它完全消除了獨立的觸控層和多餘的黏合結構，是目前TFT液晶屏堆疊層數最少、結構最緊湊的技術方案。

一流的光學性能，提供無損畫質體驗。

Optical performance is the most core advantage of In-cell technology. As it completely eliminates the external touch glass and the adhering adhesive layer, there are no additional optical media inside the screen, minimizing light transmission loss to the lowest level. The light transmittance can reach 88%-92%, far exceeding that of On-cell and traditional touch screens.

觸控體驗極為流暢，響應精準度業界領先。

In-cell技术的触控电极与显示像素深度融合，将感应距离缩短到极致。觸摸訊號傳輸路徑最短，損耗最低。与On-cell技术相比，触控响应速度提升20%以上，响应延迟更低，彻底消除触控迟缓现象。

With the continuous upgrading of the global display industry, On-cell technology, due to its mature and stable performance, as well as its high cost-effectiveness, continues to hold a dominant share in the mid-range display market, supporting the iterative upgrade of consumer electronics and industrial display equipment; while In-cell technology, relying on its unparalleled performance advantages, continuously breaks through process bottlenecks. With the continuous improvement of production yield and the gradual reduction of costs, it is gradually penetrating into more scenarios such as mid-to-high-end vehicles, smart home appliances, and portable terminals.

From a long-term industry perspective, the core iterative directions for TFT displays remain slimness, high definition, low power consumption, and high touch accuracy. In-cell and On-cell two types of integrated touch technologies are not in a substitutive relationship but rather form a complementary and symbiotic industry technology system. Each of them, leveraging its core advantages, covers the entire range of display needs from mid-range civilian and industrial commercial to high-end flagship products, continuously driving technological innovation and product upgrades in the LCD display industry, and also serving as the core technical support for future differentiated competition in intelligent display terminals.